Tsvagiridzo yeVakadzi muMedia:
Muna 1918, chiitiko chekutanga chikuru chevakadzi suffrage chakaitika apo vakadzi muCanada vakapihwa franchise nevakuru vehurumende.
Kubva ipapo, vakadzi vakaenderera mberi nekurwira kwavo kuti vawane kuenzana uye kuzviremekedza ivo pachavo, pamwe nemitumbi yavo ...
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Pakuratidzira nekukurumidza, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti kurwa uku kwapera, mushure mezvose, maererano neongororo yakaitwa naKasey Farris Windel, mubhuku rake reProportional Representation uye Regulatory Focus: Iyo Nyaya Yevanoonana Pakati Pevakadzi Vakasikwa:
"mabasa evakadzi mu [vashandi] akakura kupfuura nakare kose nevakadzi vachiwana 57,3% yezvikamu zvese zveBachelor (Catalyst 2004) uye inomiririra 47% yevashandi veAmerica (Census 2003), pamusoro pekuti vane chimiro chakafanana muindasitiri yanhasi yekushambadzira. , umo mune 50.6% yevakadzi average pakati pezvinzvimbo (Endicott naMorrison 2005) "
Zvisinei, Windel anoenderera mberi mukunyora kwake kutsvagurudza nzira iyo vakadzi vanomiririrwa mukati mekugadzira uye kushambadza nzvimbo, nzvimbo yekumiririrwa iyo inonyanya kukosha kana uchifunga kuti "kushambadzira, kunyangwe yakasununguka uye ine rationalistic, ine pfungwa mune zvine mutsindo kuti inotsvaga kurasa vanhu vakatsigira zvakanaka kune izvo zviri kutengeswa ”(Andrew Wernick), nekudaro ichitsigira kana zvisiri kuita zvine musoro pfungwa dzinogadzira nzanga irikushambadzirwa.
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Mukutarisa kukosha uye mhedzisiro yekushambadzira, zvinova zvakakosha kuziva kuti "mubazi rekugadzira, vakadzi vanomiririrwa nechiyero che2.3 kusvika 1" (Endicott 2002).
Mamiriro acho anongowedzera pamatanho epamusoro, apo mana chete emakumi matatu nenomwe emamiririri epasi rose ane vakadzi vanomhanyisa madhipatimendi ekugadzira. Pamusoro pezvo, vanhukadzi vashoma pakati pevashambadzi vakasarudzika, vanomiririra chete 12% yeOne Club Horo yeMukurumbira nhengo uye 2% yeavo vari muArt Directors Club Horo yeMukurumbira (Iezzi 2005; Sampey & O'Leary 2005).
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Sezvo kuenzana kuri kusara zvakanyanya mubazi rekugadzira uye rekushambadzira, inova inoenderana nesangano remadzimai rekuenzana kubvunza kuti kusaenzana kunoitei pamadzimai, pamwe nekuti vakadzi vanoonekwa sei munharaunda yeNorth America iyo ichine zvakawanda maonero evarume, sezvo vari varume vanotonga maindasitiri ekushambadzira anozivisa "tsika yekubereka yetsika yazvino yenzanga yedu."
Mhinduro kumubvunzo wekuti varume vari kusarudza sei kumiririra vakadzi inojekeswa naCourtney Carpenter naAimee Edison mu Bonde muKushambadzira, umo vadzidzi vezvechiremba vanoongorora "ongororo yekutanga yedata [iyo] inoratidza [kuti] pamhando dzese dzemagazini, muna 2004, vanhurume vakaonekwa vakapfeka zvine hungwaru 83.5 muzana yenguva, nepo vakadzi vachiratidzwa chete kunge vakapfeka zvine hunyanzvi chetatu chenguva (33.33333%) ”(Carpenter 2), izvo zvinoratidza mukaha mukuramba kwevakadzi pamusoro pevarume.
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Munguva iyo nzanga huru iri kuburitswa, pamwe nekudyiwa kwenhepfenyuro nekukurumidza kupfuura nakare kose, njodzi irimo mukurima, izvo "zvinogona kutsanangurwa kuburikidza nemhando dzekuvaka kuwanikwa (Shrum, 1996, 2002). [Naizvo, kushandiswa kwe] kwedzimwe nhepfenyuro yemhando yenhepfenyuro kunogona kukanganisa manzwisisiro nekududzirwa kwenyika uye nevanhu vakasangana mairi nekugadzira zvivakwa / maitiro anowirirana kubva mundangariro kupfuura zvinoitika "
Izvi zvinogadzirwa nemidhiya yedu hazvingogadziri chete "zvinyorwa zvehupenyu" (Carpenter 7) izvo vamwe vakadzi vanogutsikana nazvo kuitira kuti 'vaite' kwavo vakadzi nenzira kwayo, asizve zvinokanganisa maonero anoita varume vakadzi mukuenzanisa nevamwe varume.
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Kana vakadzi vachiratidzwa uye vachidudzirwa mukati mevanhu sezvinhu zvekuzviisa pasi pebonde, nepo varume vachiratidzwa seyakaomarara uye ine simba, hazvishamise kudzidza kuti mitengo yemapurisa-yakashumwa mhirizhonga pabonde pamusoro pevakadzi yakanyanya kukwirira kune vakadzi kupfuura varume kuCanada mapurovhinzi, anosvika ku "chiyero chezviitiko makumi matatu nemana zvekushungurudzwa pabonde kwevakadzi vese chiuru" (Marie Sinha).
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Zvisinei, nhamba iyi haimiriri huwandu hwevakadzi vakaitirwa mhirizhonga pabonde. Mune imwe ongororo "yakabatanidza kubvunzurudzwa zana nemakumi mana nemana (nevakadzi) vakapona mumhirizhonga pabonde mumaguta emapurovhinzi matatu eCanada… vari pasi pe [30% yevakapona paKudenha kweVasikana (avo vakaita chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chevakapona) uye vangangoita 36% vakapona paKubatwa Zvisina Kufanira Kwevanhukadzi vaive vataura nezvekushungurudzwa] kumapurisa, kana zvikasadaro mumwe munhu akamhan'ara kurwiswa uku ”(Melissa Lindsay 6) kwavari.
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Zvakare, mu "Zviwanikwa kubva ku2009 General Social Survey pamusoro pekushungurudzwa (GSS) zvakaratidza kuti inofungidzirwa kuti 88% yezviitiko zvekushungurudzwa kwepabonde hazvina kuudzwa kumapurisa (Perreault naBrennan 2010); 67,000 maCanada vakashumwa vachishungurudzwa pabonde mumwedzi gumi nemaviri yakatangira ongororo iyi, nevakadzi vanomiririra 70% yevakapona pakurwadziswa. Vanhukadzi vanomiririra ruzhinji (87%) rwevakapona mumapurisa - vanonzi vakashungurudzwa (Levels 1, 2 na 3) muna 2012. ”
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Saka, varume vaikodzera here mune zvese izvi? Eya, mapurisa akarekodha dhata rakaratidza kuti havasi ivo chete "vakadzi vane mikana yakawanda kupinda varume kuva vanobatwa noutsotsi hwepabonde, nepo varume [vari] vari mukana wekubirwa… [asi ivo vari] mukana gumi nekana pane varume kuita bonde. Akashungurudzwa, katatu kukamhina (akashungurudzwa), uye zvakapetwa kaviri kunge akabatwa nhare isina kunaka uye inoshusha ”(Sinha).
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Iyi tsika yevakadzi vanobatwa zvisina kufanira pabonde inova inowanzo kwanda mumamiriro ehukama pakati pevanhukadzi, apo "vadyidzani vepedyo, vanosanganisira vakaroorana uye vanodanana, ndivo vaiwanzoita mhirizhonga kuvanhukadzi .. [vachimiririra] 45% yevose vakapomerwa mhosva. yekutambudza vakadzi, ichiteverwa nevazivikanwi kana shamwari (27%), vasingazivikanwe (16%) uye nhengo dzemhuri dzisina kuroora (12%) ”nepo" reverse yaive yechokwadi kune vanhurume vanobatwa, uko vasingazivikanwe vakaita chikamu chikuru chevapari vemhosva ( 55%) ”(Sinha).
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Havazi varume chete “[vane chekuita ne83% yemapurisa-anonzi] mhirizhonga kuvanhukadzi, [asi varume ndivo vane chekuita nemhirizhonga zhinji] yakanangidzirwa kune [vamwe] varume… [inomiririra huwandu] hwe76% yevaiti vese] ”(Sinha)
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Iko hakuna humbowo hwakakosha hunoratidza, zvisinei, kuti izvi zviverengero zvine chekuita nezvebonde nekushungurudzwa kwevakadzi nevarume, pamusoro pezviitiko zvepamusoro zvevarume vanoratidzira hunhu hwevakadzi, mune chero nzira chiratidzo cheizvo zvinogona kutadza hunhu hwechirume. Mukupesana, uhu humbowo hwekuti mamodheru epfungwa arikumisikidzwa neindasitiri inotungamirwa nevanhurume, umo vakadzi vanowanzo kuratidzwa sezvinhu zvepabonde, muenzaniso unoshamisa zvisingaite kune vese vakomana kuti vaziviswe.
Mune mamwe mazwi, izvi zviverengero zvinogutsa kubva kune fungidziro yevanhurume nevanhukadzi iri kufambiswa nemifananidzo inomiririrwa yevakadzi vari kugadzirwa nekuparadzirwa pamwero muhombe, izvo zvakakonzerawo nzira dzinoonekwa nemagariro edu nekubata mhosva idzi.
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Hurongwa hwekutongwa kwemhosva muCanada hunogadzirisa mhosva dzinosanganisira mhirizhonga pabonde, senge "kushungurudzwa pabonde kune wechidiki ari pasi pemakore gumi nematanhatu ekuberekwa (mhosva yakasanganiswa)" nechirango chakapetwa chemwedzi mitatu pachiitiko chakapfupiswa, uye gore rimwe chete pakupomedzerwa (Dhipatimendi reRuramisiro, Canada), nepo vapukunyuki vechisimba pabonde "vachirondedzera mhedzisiro yenguva refu sekushushikana, kushushikana, zviratidzo zvine chekuita nePTSD nematambudziko ehunhu" (Statistics Division department reJustice Canada).
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Izvo zvinoonekwa mhedzisiro yemafungiro ehungwaru akadaro ari kukanganisa mabatirwo evakadzi, pamwe nehunhu nemaonero evarume munharaunda yeNorth America padanho rakakura, saka chinangwa changu kugadzira chivezwa chinokwezva nyaya kusaenzana kudiki sei kunogona kuve nemhedzisiro yakakura.
Semukadzi, uye munhu akasika, zvinokanganisa senge izvo zvakagadzirwa nekumiririrwa kwevakadzi, zvakakosha kwandiri.
Nekudaro, pachivezwa changu ndinenge ndichivavarira kugadzira kuona kwekukanganisa kwekusaenzana kwevanhukadzi mukati mezvenhau, pamwe nezvinokonzeresa kurambidzwa kwevanhu vazhinji, kuita zvepabonde nekufungidzira kwevakadzi. Kuti ndiite izvi, ndinoda kuita kuti chivezwa changu chive chinosemesa uye chinogumbura sezvinhu chaizvo zvandapfuura.
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Basa Rakataurwa
Ok Stokstad, Marilyn, naMichael W. Cothren. "1." Nhoroondo yeArt, 5th ed., Vol. 1, Laurence King, London, mapeji 10–11.
Muvezi, Courtney, uye Aimee Edison. "Bonde Mukushambadzira." Kuzvitora Zvese Zvekare Zvakare: Kuratidzwa kweVakadzi Mukushambadzira Pamakore Makumi Makumi Apfuura. pag. Yunivhesiti yeAlabama. Webhu. 4 Kurume 2017.
Department of Justice, Canada "6.4 Inosungirwa Minimum Penalties pasi peCriminal Code." Hurumende yeCanada, Dhipatimendi reJustice, Kutaurirana Kwemagetsi, 23 Chikunguru 2015, www.ppsc- sppc.gc.ca/eng/pub/fpsd-sfpg/fps- sfp / tpd / p6 / ch04.html.
Lindsay, Melissa. "KUMISWA KWEVANOPONESA VANODZIVISWA NEZVEBONDE MUMAGUTA ECANhatu." Http://Www.justice.gc.ca/Eng/RpPr/CjJp/Victim/rr13_19/rr13_1 9.Pdf , Research and Statistics Division Dhipatimendi reJustice Canada, 2014,, Research and Statistics Division Dhipatimendi reJustice Canada, 2014, www.bing.com/cr?IG=22B86CC4BE5C4A208B4B2DCF864210A D & CID = 1440CED74C6D6D2B32C8C4CD4D5C6C64 & Rd = 1 & bare = X8 dp4zAjtVwtBPTj8gHktbqLtvlTquOP1Ka6jGAGk5M & v = 1 & R = http% 3a% 2f% 2fwww.justice.gc.ca% 2feng% 2frppr% 2fcjjp% 2fvictim% 2fr r13_19% 2frr13_19.pdf & S. = DevEx, 5077.1 .
Peterson, Susan. Iyo Craft uye Art yeDongo. London: Mambo, 1995. Dhinda.
Sinha, Maire. "Chikamu 1: Kuwandisa uye Kukura Kwemhirizhonga kuvakadzi." Statcan.gc.ca. Np, 30 Mbudzi 2015. Webhu. Gumiguru 05, 2017
Yakasimba-Boag, Veronica. "Kutambudzika Kwevakadzi muCanada." Iyo Canadian Encyclopedia ,, www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/suffra ge / .
Wernick, Andrew. "Advertising uye dzematongerwe: An weupirikiri Pakuumbwa." Journals.sagepub, somuzivi Social Science Collections, 1 Nov. 1983, journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/026327648300 2001004.
Mahwindo, Kasey Farris. "Kumiririra kwakaringana uye Kutarisisa Kutarisisa: Nyaya Yevazhinji Pakati Pevanhukadzi Vakasika." Https://Repositories.lib.utexas.edu/Handle/2152/1782 , Yunivhesiti yeTexas kuAustin, University of Texas Libraries, 2008, hdl.handle.net/2152/17824 .